Native JavaScript - Data Structures

Variables in JavaScript

Variables in JavaScript are containers for storing data values. They allow you to store, modify, and use information throughout your program, such as numbers, text, or more complex data types156.

Declaring Variables

You can declare variables in JavaScript in several ways:

• Automatically (not recommended):

  x = 5;

  This creates a global variable if not declared inside a function, but it’s considered bad practice

• Using var:

  var x = 5;

  var is function-scoped and was the traditional way to declare variables before ES6

• Using let:

  let y = 6;

  let is block-scoped and is preferred for variables that may change their value

• Using const:

  const PI = 3.14;

  const is block-scoped and used for variables whose values should not change

Assigning Values

You can assign a value to a variable either when you declare it or later in your code:

let carName;
carName = "Volvo";

Or in one line:

let carName = "Volvo";

Variables can be updated (except those declared with const)

Naming Rules

• Variable names can contain letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).

• Names must begin with a letter, underscore, or dollar sign.

• Names are case-sensitive (myVar and myvar are different).

• Reserved keywords (like function or class) cannot be used as variable names

Example

let user = 'John';
let age = 25;
let message = 'Hello';

You can use these variables elsewhere in your code:

console.log(message); // Output: Hello

Variables can also be reassigned (except const):

let weather = "rainy";
weather = "sunny";
console.log(weather); // Output: sunny

Summary Table

Keyword	Scope	Can Reassign	Can Redeclare	Use Case
var	Function	Yes	Yes	Old code, function-scoped vars
let	Block	Yes	No	Variables that change
const	Block	No	No	Constants (unchanging values)

Best Practices

• Always declare variables before using them.

• Prefer let and const over var in modern code.

• Use const by default, and only use let if the variable’s value will change

Variables are fundamental in JavaScript, enabling you to store and manage data efficiently throughout your programs.

Mutable and Immutable Data Structures in JavaScript

Mutable and immutable are core concepts in JavaScript that describe whether a data structure can be changed after it is created.

Mutable Data Structures

• Definition: Mutable data structures can be changed in place. Modifying them alters the original value in memory.

• Examples:

  • Objects: You can add, remove, or change properties directly.

    let person = { name: 'Alice', age: 25 };
    person.age = 26; // The original object is modified

  • Arrays: You can update elements or change the array’s length.

    let arr = [1, 2, 3];
    arr.push(4); // The original array is changed to [1, 2, 3, 4]

• Use Cases: Useful when you need to update data frequently or manage large, dynamic collections

Immutable Data Structures

• Definition: Immutable data structures cannot be changed after creation. Any "modification" creates and returns a new structure, leaving the original unchanged.

• Examples:

  • Primitive Types: Strings, numbers, booleans, null, undefined, BigInt, and Symbol are all immutable.

    let str = "hello";
    let newStr = str.toUpperCase(); // str remains "hello", newStr is "HELLO"

    let num = 5;
    let newNum = num + 1; // num is still 5, newNum is 6

• Immutability for Objects/Arrays: By default, objects and arrays are mutable, but you can make them immutable using techniques like Object.freeze() or libraries such as Immutable.js.

  const frozenObj = Object.freeze({ name: 'Bob' });
  // frozenObj.name = 'Alice'; // This will not change the object

• Use Cases: Immutability is favored for predictable state management, easier debugging, safer concurrency, and functional programming patterns

Comparison Table

Data Structure	Mutable?	Example of Change	Result
Object	Yes	obj.age = 31	Alters original object
Array	Yes	arr.push(4)	Alters original array
String	No	str = 'H'	No effect; must create a new string
Number	No	num += 1	Creates a new value
Object (frozen)	No	Object.freeze(obj)	Cannot alter properties

Key Points

• All primitive types are immutable: Strings, numbers, booleans, null, undefined, BigInt, and Symbol

• Objects and arrays are mutable by default: Their contents can be changed after creation

• Immutability can be enforced: Use Object.freeze() or third-party libraries for immutable collections

• Immutability leads to safer, more predictable code: Especially useful in functional programming and state management

Summary:

• Use mutable structures (objects, arrays) when in-place updates are needed and performance is critical.

• Prefer immutable structures (primitives, frozen objects, or immutable libraries) for safer, more predictable code, especially in concurrent or functional programming scenarios

Array in JavaScript

Arrays in JavaScript are special objects used to store ordered collections of data. They can hold multiple values—of any type—within a single variable, making them a fundamental and versatile data structure in JavaScript

Key Features of Arrays

• Ordered Collection: Elements are stored in a specific sequence and accessed by their index (starting from 0)

• Flexible Data Types: Arrays can contain numbers, strings, objects, other arrays (nested arrays), or any mix of these types

• Mutable: Arrays are mutable, meaning their contents can be changed after creation (add, remove, or update elements)

• Dynamic Size: Arrays can grow or shrink in size as elements are added or removed

Creating Arrays

You can create arrays using:

• Array Literal Syntax (most common):

  const fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];

• Array Constructor:

  const numbers = new Array(10, 20, 30);
  const emptyArray = new Array(5); // Creates an array with 5 empty slots

• Mixed Data Types:

  const mixedArray = ["work", 1, true];

Accessing and Modifying Elements

• Access by Index:

  console.log(fruits[0]); // "Apple"

• Update by Index:

  fruits[1] = "Blueberry"; // ["Apple", "Blueberry", "Cherry"]

• Array Length:

  console.log(fruits.length); // 3

Common Array Methods

Method	Description	Example
push()	Add element to end	fruits.push("Date")
pop()	Remove element from end	fruits.pop()
shift()	Remove element from start	fruits.shift()
unshift()	Add element to start	fruits.unshift("Apricot")
slice()	Returns a shallow copy of a portion of the array	fruits.slice(1, 3)
concat()	Joins two or more arrays	fruits.concat(["Date", "Elderberry"])
includes()	Checks if array contains a value	fruits.includes("Apple")
map()	Creates a new array by applying a function to each value	fruits.map(fruit => fruit + " Pie")

Arrays also support advanced operations like flattening nested arrays, filtering, and reducing

Nested Arrays

Arrays can contain other arrays as elements, creating multidimensional structures:

const nested = ["apple", ["banana", "cherry"]];
console.log(nested[1][0]); // "banana"

Summary Table

Feature	Description
Ordered	Yes (indexed from 0)
Data Types	Any (numbers, strings, objects, arrays, etc.)
Mutable	Yes (elements can be added, removed, or changed)
Creation Methods	Array literal [], new Array() constructor
Common Operations	Access, update, add, remove, iterate, search, transform

Arrays are a core part of JavaScript programming, providing an efficient way to store, organize, and manipulate collections of data

Set in JavaScript

A Set in JavaScript is a built-in data structure introduced in ES6 that stores a collection of unique values. Unlike arrays, Sets automatically ensure that no duplicate values are present—each value can occur only once in a Set

Key Features of Set

• Unique Values Only: Any value added to a Set that already exists is ignored; duplicates are not allowed

• Any Data Type: Sets can store values of any type—primitives or object references

• Insertion Order: Elements in a Set are iterated in the order they were inserted

• Efficient Operations: Sets provide fast access, insertion, and deletion, typically with O(1) time complexity due to internal hash table or search tree implementations

Creating a Set

You can create a Set in two main ways:

// Create an empty Set
const mySet = new Set();

// Create a Set from an array (duplicates are removed)
const numbers = new Set([1, 2, 3, 3, 4]); // Set contains 1, 2, 3, 4

Common Set Methods

Method	Description	Example
add(value)	Adds a value to the Set	mySet.add(5)
delete(value)	Removes a value from the Set	mySet.delete(2)
has(value)	Checks if a value exists in the Set	mySet.has(3)
size	Returns the number of elements in the Set	mySet.size
clear()	Removes all elements from the Set	mySet.clear()
forEach()	Iterates over each value in the Set	mySet.forEach(val => ...)

You can also iterate over a Set using a for...of loop:

for (const value of mySet) {
  console.log(value);
}

When to Use a Set

• When you need to store a collection of unique values.

• When you want fast checks for the presence of a value.

• When you need to eliminate duplicates from an array

Example Usage

const fruits = new Set();
fruits.add('apple');
fruits.add('banana');
fruits.add('apple'); // Duplicate, will be ignored

console.log(fruits); // Set { 'apple', 'banana' }
console.log(fruits.has('banana')); // true
console.log(fruits.size); // 2

Map in JavaScript

A Map in JavaScript is a built-in data structure that stores key-value pairs, where each key is unique and can be of any data type—including objects, functions, and primitive values. Maps were introduced in ES6 and are designed to provide efficient and flexible key-based data storage and retrieval

Key Features of Map

• Unique Keys: Each key in a Map must be unique; duplicate keys are not allowed.

• Any Data Type as Key: Unlike plain objects (which only allow strings and symbols as keys), Maps allow keys of any type, including objects, arrays, and functions

• Insertion Order: Maps maintain the order of elements based on the sequence in which they were added. Iterating over a Map will yield entries in their original insertion order

• Size Property: The size property returns the number of key-value pairs in the Map

• Direct Iteration: Maps are directly iterable, making it easy to loop over keys, values, or entries

Creating a Map

// Create an empty Map
const myMap = new Map();

// Create a Map from an array of key-value pairs
const anotherMap = new Map([
  ['name', 'Alice'],
  ['age', 30],
  ['city', 'Delhi']
]);

Adding and Modifying Entries

myMap.set('color', 'blue');
myMap.set(42, 'answer');
myMap.set({ id: 1 }, 'objectKey');

• The set(key, value) method adds or updates a key-value pair

Accessing Values

console.log(myMap.get('color')); // 'blue'

• The get(key) method retrieves the value associated with a key

Checking for Keys

myMap.has(42); // true

• The has(key) method checks if a key exists in the Map

Removing Entries

myMap.delete('color'); // Removes the key 'color'
myMap.clear();         // Removes all entries from the Map

• Use delete(key) to remove a specific entry and clear() to remove all entries

Getting the Size

myMap.size; // Number of key-value pairs

Iterating Over a Map

You can iterate over a Map’s entries, keys, or values:

for (const [key, value] of myMap) {
  console.log(key, value);
}

for (const key of myMap.keys()) {
  console.log(key);
}

for (const value of myMap.values()) {
  console.log(value);
}

When to Use Map

• When you need to use objects or other non-string types as keys.

• When you require guaranteed insertion order.

• When you need frequent additions and removals of key-value pairs with efficient performance

Array vs Map vs Set in JavaScript

JavaScript provides several built-in data structures for storing and managing collections of data. The most commonly used are Array, Map, and Set. Each has distinct characteristics and is best suited for specific use cases.

Comparison Table

Feature	Array	Map	Set
Structure	Ordered list of values (indexed)	Collection of key-value pairs	Unordered collection of unique values
Key/Index	Integer indices (0, 1, 2, ...)	Any data type as key	No keys; only values
Value Types	Any	Any	Any
Duplicates	Allowed	Keys must be unique	Not allowed (all values unique)
Order	Maintains insertion order	Maintains insertion order	Maintains insertion order
Access	By index (e.g., arr)	By key (e.g., map.get(key))	By value (e.g., set.has(value))
Iteration	for, forEach, for...of	forEach, for...of (entries/keys/values)	forEach, for...of
Common Use Case	Lists, arrays of data, ordered items	Fast key-value lookup, dynamic keys	Unique values, removing duplicates
Performance	Fast random access by index; slower search by value	Fast key-based access (O(1)), efficient add/remove	Fast existence checks (O(1)), efficient add/remove
Example	[1][2][3]	new Map([[1, 'a'], [2, 'b']])	new Set([1,[2][3])

When to Use Each

• Array

  • Use when you need an ordered list of items, possibly with duplicates, and access by position (index) is important.

  • Example: List of user IDs, ordered tasks, etc.

• Map

  • Use when you need to associate unique keys (of any type) with values, and require fast lookup, insertion, or deletion by key.

  • Example: Storing user data by user ID, caching, dictionaries

• Set

  • Use when you need to store unique values and quickly check for existence, or when you want to remove duplicates from a collection.

  • Example: Unique tags, filtering duplicates from an array

Key Differences Explained

• Arrays are best for ordered collections where the position of each element matters and duplicates are allowed.

• Maps are optimized for storing key-value pairs, where keys can be any data type and are unique. They provide efficient, direct access to values via keys

• Sets automatically enforce uniqueness among their values and are ideal for collections where duplicates should be eliminated or prevented

Summary

• Array: Ordered, indexed, allows duplicates.

• Map: Key-value pairs, unique keys, any type as key, efficient lookups.

• Set: Unique values only, fast existence checks, no key-value pairs.

Choosing the right data structure depends on your specific requirements for ordering, uniqueness, and how you intend to access or modify the data